Umkhiwane (Ficus carica)

Umkhiwane ngomnye wemithi yeziqhamo exatyiswayo kumabhoma nakwimiyezo engankcenkceshelwa kangako.. Sisityalo esikwaziyo ukuthenwa kakuhle kakhulu, kwaye kufuneka sichithe iiyure ezimbalwa ngonyaka ngaphantsi kwe-7ºC ukuze sithwale inani elikhulu leziqhamo ngexesha lonyaka.

Oku kwenza kube nomdla kakhulu ukuyikhulisa, kuba ifuna phantse inkathalo. Ngoko ukuba unqwenela ukungcamla amakhiwane asandul’ ukuvunwa, siya kukucacisela yonke into ngomkhiwane ukuze ungaphoswa nto.

Imvelaphi kunye neempawu zomkhiwane

Umkhiwane, ogama lakhe linzululwazi UFicus carica, ngumthi ovuthulukayo owazalelwa kuMzantsi-ntshona weAsia, kodwa wafika eYiputa ngexesha looFaro nakwiRoma yaMandulo. Ukusuka apho ngokuqinisekileyo yaziswa kwezinye iindawo zeMeditera, njengeSpeyin. Njengomdla wokwazi, inika umdla into yokuba a kufunda epapashwe kwiNzululwazi ibonisa ukuba yayisisityalo sokuqala ukugcinwa ekhaya, malunga newaka leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba senze nezinye ezifana nengqolowa.

Kodwa njani? Njengokuba. Sisityalo esifikelela kubude obuphezulu beemitha ezi-8, nangona kunjalo ekulimeni kunzima ukufumana iisampulu ezingaphezulu kweemitha ezi-4. Oku kunjalo ngenxa yokuba kuthenwa ukuze kuvunwe kube lula ngakumbi ukuvunwa, ekubeni ukuba ebeyekwa ukuba azikhulisele, lawo ahlumayo avela kumasebe angasentla mhlawumbi ebeya kuphelela emhlabeni, agqabhuke emva kokuvuthuluka kwawo aze ke ngoko angalungelanga ukuvunwa. ukuvuna, ukusetyenziswa.

Ikomityi imalunga neemitha ezi-3-4 ububanzi kumzekelo wabantu abadala, kwaye yenziwe ngamasebe amaninzi apho amagqabi ajijekileyo ahlumayo, ukuya kutsho kwiisentimitha ezingama-25 ubude ukuya kutsho kwi-18 yeesentimitha ububanzi. Ezi ziluhlaza, kodwa xa imozulu iqalisa ukuphola zijika zibe tyheli, ze zibe mdaka kwaye ekugqibeleni ziwe.

Ientyatyambo entwasahlobo, kwaye ikwenza ngendlela enomdla kakhulu: ivelisa amakhiwane athi, ngaphakathi, abe neentyatyambo ezincinci, eziya kuthuthwa ipoleni liqela elithile loonomeva. Ezi zinambuzane zingena ngomngxuma wekhiwane osezantsi kwawo, zize zibeke amaqanda azo ngaphakathi. Emva kokuba imibungu eyindoda iqanduselwe eqandeni, idibana neemazi zisengaphakathi kweqanda, emva koko ziyafa.

Ekugqibeleni, iimazi ekugqibeleni ziyaphuma eqandeni yaye, njengoko zinamaphiko, zinokuphuma ekhiwaneni, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba kuqala zithabathe umungu kwiintyatyambo zawo eziza kusetyenziselwa ukuvuthela omnye umkhiwane.

Zingaphi izityalo ozivelisayo ngonyaka?

Kuya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kudidi lomkhiwane. Kukho ezinye ezikwenza kube kanye kuphela, ukuya embindini / ekupheleni kwehlobo, kodwa kukho ezinye ezikwenza kabini.: ekuqaleni kwexesha elikhankanyiweyo, ukuvelisa into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-brevas (incinci kunamakhiwane), kunye nenye phakathi ko-Agasti noSeptemba kumntla we-hemisphere.

Ukongeza, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba UFicus carica inokuba yi-dioecious, oko kukuthi, kukho amadoda kunye neminye imizekelo yabasetyhini; okanye i-monoecious eneentyantyambo zesini zombini kumthi omnye.

Umdala kangakanani umkhiwane?

Ubomi obulindelekileyo be UFicus carica isuka I-50-60 iminyaka. Ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye iqalisa ukuthwala amakhiwane kwangethuba. Ngokunjalo, ivelisa iisuckers ezininzi, ngoko ke nokuba isityalo sikamama siyafa, umntu unokuhlala eshiywe ngasemva. Ngaloo ndlela, akuyi kubakho mfuneko yokuthenga omnye umthi.

iintlobo zemithi yamakhiwane

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemithi yomkhiwane ehlabathini, kodwa siza kucebisa ezinye zezona zikhule kakhulu e-Spain, njengoko zihlala zizichumisi, ezifana nezi:

• ialbacore: luhlobo oluthi, ngenxa yemvelaphi yalo (ummandla weMeditera), luxhathisa kakhulu kwimbalela. Ine-biferous, kwaye ivelisa izivuno ezibini ngonyaka.
• IBlanca: la makhiwane amhlophe, njengoko negama lawo lisitsho. Zingagcinwa zomile ngcono kunezinye iindidi.
• Celeste: Inamakhiwane anesikhumba esimfusa, kunye nenyama epinki enencasa eswiti.
• Saree Lob: Ludidi oluvelisa amakhiwane ulusu lwawo lumfusa, anencasa emnandi nevumba elimnandi. Ingxaki kukuba ithanda ukuvuleka kwamsinyane nje ukuba ivuthwe, ngoko ke kufuneka ivunwe ngokukhawuleza ukuthintela izinambuzane kunye/okanye iintaka ukuba zingangeni phambi kwethu.
• Isenzi: La ngamakhiwane aluhlaza avuthwa kade, ukususela ekupheleni kwehlobo ukuya phantse phakathi ekwindla. Kodwa banencasa ebalaseleyo.

Ukusetyenziswa komkhiwane

Ngumthi onemisebenzi emibini. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo isiqhamo: amakhiwane namakhiwane adliwa esanda, "pasted". Bade benze iijam kunye nezimuncumuncu. Ngoku, nangona idume kakhulu, kukho enye enomdla ngokulinganayo: i mhlobiso. Sisityalo esiphila kakuhle ngokuncinci, esifuna ilanga kuphela, umhlaba okhupha amanzi kakuhle, yiloo nto. Kukho abo bakhuthazwayo kwaye babe nayo njengebhonsai, okanye njengomthi omncinci embizeni. Ukuthena akuyonzakali kangako ukuba nje kwenziwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye kungengqwabalala.

Ngaphambili, i-latex yayisetyenziselwa ukulwa ne-cavities kunye ne-warts, kodwa namhlanje, kunye noogqirha beengcali, kulungele ukuya kubo, ekubeni umngcipheko wokuba neengxaki uphezulu. Kwaye kukuba i-latex kuphela ngokudibana nolusu kunokubangela ukurhawuzelela kunye nokuluma, kunye nokuziva ekukhanyeni; kwaye ukuba sityile singaziva singonwabanga, sigabha kunye/okanye isicaphucaphu.

Ufuna ukunyanyekelwa ntoni umkhiwane?

Ngoku makhe siqhubele phambili ekunyamekeleni lo mthi. Njengoko besilindele, ngumthi weziqhamo owaneliswa kukuncinci. Kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo izinto ezimbalwa, kungenjalo ayinakukhula njengoko sinqwenela:

Ubicación

El UFicus carica ifuna ukukhanya okuninzi. Enyanisweni, kungcono ukuyibeka kwasekuqaleni kwindawo apho ibonakaliswe kwilanga elithe ngqo, kwaye ukuba kunokwenzeka yonke imini, nangona ingakhula kakuhle xa unika isiqingatha sosuku kuphela.

Iingcambu zayo ziyahlasela, kodwa akukhuthazwa ukuba ubeke izityalo phantsi kwesithsaba sayo okanye ecaleni kwesiqu, kuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba aziyi kuphila ngokukhupha i-ethylene (igesi ekhuthaza ukuwa kwamagqabi ngaphambi kwexesha, kunye ukuguga okanye ukuguga, kwangaphambi kwexesha, kwezityalo).

Umhlaba

• Imbiza yeentyatyambo: ukuba iya kuba embizeni, iya kuzaliswa, umzekelo, i-universal substrate (ithengiswa apha).
• Igadi okanye igadi yeziqhamo: Umhlaba kufuneka ungathathi hlangothi okanye ube sisiseko, ube ne-pH engaphezu kwe-6.5. Ikhula ngaphandle kobunzima kwimihlaba yodongwe, kodwa kufuneka ibe ne-drainage efanelekileyo; oko kukuthi, ukuba sibona ukuba xa kunkcenkceshelwa okanye xa kunetha, amadiba amanzi athatha iiyure okanye iintsuku ukuba aphele, kufuneka sifake imibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi, okanye senze imigudu okanye amathambeka ukuze kungenzeki kwakhona. Ukongezelela, xa utyala emhlabeni, kucetyiswa kakhulu ukuxuba umhlaba kunye ne-perlite okanye udongwe.

Unkcenkceshelo

Unkcenkceshelo kufuneka inqabile ngokubanzi, ngakumbi ukuba isemhlabeni. Ukukunika umbono wokuba imelana kangakanani nembalela, kufuneka wazi ukuba mna ndinayo enye egadini yam, emazantsi eMallorca, kwaye asikhe siyinkcenkceshele. Kwaye kuphela malunga ne-350 ilitha yemvula ewela ngonyaka, isasazeka ebusika, phakathi kwehlobo (malunga nesiqingatha sesibini sika-Agasti) kwaye ngamanye amaxesha entwasahlobo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba ikhulile ebhodweni, izinto ziyatshintsha, kuba kule miqathango inani lomhlaba lilinganiselwe kakhulu, kwaye liphinde lome ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko ke, ukuba igcinwe kwisikhongozelo, siya kunkcenkceshela malunga kabini ngeveki, ngaphandle kwasekwindla nasebusika, xa siza kunkcenkceshela.

Umbhalisi

Umrhumo iya kwenziwa rhoqo ukusuka entlakohlaza ukuya ekupheleni kwehlobo. Akubalulekanga ukuba ityalwe emhlabeni, kodwa embizeni iyanconywa ukuze ingaphelelwa izondlo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kucetyiswa kakhulu ukuchumisa umkhiwane ngezichumisi ezingamanzi, umzekelo i-guano, okanye i-algae extract, ngokulandela imiyalelo ekwipakethe.

Ukuphindaphinda

Umthi womkhiwane unokuphindaphindwa ngeendlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: ngembewu ekwindla (nasentlakohlaza, kodwa ihlaziyeke ngcono), ukusikwa (ekupheleni kobusika) kunye nokubeka umoya (entwasahlobo).

Izinambuzane

Iyakwazi ukumelana, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha inokuba:

• Mealybugs: Bathanda iindawo ezomileyo nezishushu. Zinamathela emagqabini nasemakhiwaneni, zize zitye incindi yazo.
• bhabha umkhiwane: Wanqunqeni amakhiwane xa esaluhlaza, kwaye akhawuleza awe.
• amakhiwane: bemba iigalari kumasebe abonakalayo entwasahlobo.
• iimpethu emakhiwaneni: zezo zefruit fly, ezichaphazela neminye imithi. Amakhiwane agqibezela ukukhula kwawo, kodwa ngaphakathi siya kubona ukuba azele yimibungu.
• iimopane emagqabini: batya i-epidermis yamagqabi.

Izifo

Ngokubhekiselele kwizifo, unokufumana oku kulandelayo:

• Bold, edla ngokuvela ngexesha lohlaselo olukhulu lwemealybug.
• Ingcambu yokubola, okubangelwa kukunkcenkceshela okugqithisileyo kunye/okanye ngomhlaba okhupha amanzi kakuhle, othanda ukungunda okubangela izifo ezifana nephytophthora.
• intsholongwane ye-mosaic, okubangela ukubonakala kwamabala e-mosaic emagqabini, kwaye ngelishwa akukho nonyango.

Ukuthena

Yenzeka ekupheleni kobusika. Into eyenziwayo yile ilandelayo:

• Susa iisuckers. Ngamanye amaxesha omnye ushiywe xa umthi usondela ekupheleni kobomi bawo.
• Sika amasebe akhangeleka kakubi, ziphukile, zome okanye zineempawu zesifo okanye izinambuzane ezinkulu ezifana neebhore ngaphakathi, umzekelo.
• Sika ezo zinde kakhulu, oko kukuthi, abo banika "indle" okanye imbonakalo engcolileyo.

Ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza

Inqaba ukuya kwi -12ºC, nangona kunganyanzelekanga ukuba ithobe kakhulu iqondo lobushushu ukuze ithwale isiqhamo. Kwingingqi yam, umzekelo, yehla kuphela ukuya kwi -1,5ºC kwaye sitya amakhiwane aswiti rhoqo ehlotyeni, ungakhathazeki ukuba uhlala njengam kwingingqi enemozulu epholileyo. Into ebalulekileyo kukuba amaxesha amane onyaka ahlukanisiwe, kwaye ekwindla-ebusika kukho ubuncinane iiyure ezili-100 ngaphantsi kwe-7 degrees Celsius.

Ubucinga ntoni ngomkhiwane? Unaye umntu?